{ "meta": { "kit": "ledger-kit", "buildDate": "2026-09-15", "lastVerified": "2026-09-15", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "cadence": "monthly, first Monday, and the same day for any regulator decision on large loads or water", "note": "Every row is a verdict about a document somebody else published. Verified means the document was fetched at its publisher on the date given. Reported means a reliable secondary source carries it and the primary could not be reached, so the row carries no primary source and is never printed as verified. Announced means a body said it will act and no document exists yet. Absent means the search was run and nothing exists, and the search is written into the record. Open means a question nobody has settled. Every figure is a number its publisher printed, in the publisher's own unit, with the date the publisher gives it for. Figures are never summed across sources, never converted, and a projection is labelled as the publisher's projection.", "vocab": { "idPrefix": "AIA", "root": "/tools/ai-infrastructure-atlas", "title": "The AI Infrastructure Atlas", "short": "AI Infrastructure Atlas", "claim": "Who decides whether a data center gets power and water, what it must report, and who pays: grid connection rules, water rules, reporting duties and the figures of record, jurisdiction by jurisdiction.", "changesHeading": "For an operator, a utility or a community", "kinds": [ { "key": "grid", "label": "Grid and large load rules", "question": "Who decides whether a data center connects, and on what terms?" }, { "key": "water", "label": "Water rules", "question": "Who decides what a data center may draw and must disclose?" }, { "key": "reporting", "label": "Reporting and efficiency duties", "question": "What must a data center report, and to whom?" }, { "key": "siting", "label": "Siting, permitting and tax", "question": "Who decides where it may be built, and what it pays?" }, { "key": "figure", "label": "Figure of record", "question": "What has actually been measured?" }, { "key": "question", "label": "Open question", "question": "What has nobody settled?" } ], "jurisdictions": [ { "code": "US", "name": "United States" }, { "code": "EU", "name": "European Union" }, { "code": "IE", "name": "Ireland" }, { "code": "NL", "name": "Netherlands" }, { "code": "DE", "name": "Germany" }, { "code": "UK", "name": "United Kingdom" }, { "code": "SG", "name": "Singapore" }, { "code": "CN", "name": "China" }, { "code": "MY", "name": "Malaysia" }, { "code": "GLOBAL", "name": "Global" } ] }, "source": "https://www.gage.academy/tools/ai-infrastructure-atlas", "attribution": "GAGE (Global Academy of Generative-AI Education), AI Infrastructure Atlas", "documentation": "https://www.gage.academy/tools/ai-infrastructure-atlas/data", "methodology": "https://www.gage.academy/tools/ai-infrastructure-atlas/method" }, "records": [ { "id": "AIA-2026-0001", "slug": "doe-anopr-ferc-large-load-interconnection", "title": "The Energy Secretary told FERC to write interconnection rules for large loads", "kind": "grid", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "On 23 October 2025 the Secretary of Energy used the Department of Energy Organization Act to put an advance notice of proposed rulemaking before FERC on how large loads, data centers among them, connect to the interstate transmission system. FERC opened Docket RM26-4-000, took comments, and listed the docket at its open meeting of 18 June 2026.", "key_facts": [ "FERC's own regulatory agenda records that on 23 October 2025 the Secretary of Energy proposed an advance notice of proposed rulemaking on the timely and orderly interconnection of large loads.", "The proceeding is Docket No. RM26-4-000, Interconnection of Large Loads to the Interstate Transmission System.", "The agenda timetable prints a notice inviting comments on 27 October 2025, a comment period closing 21 November 2025 and reply comments closing 5 December 2025.", "FERC's Sunshine Act notice put RM26-4-000 first on the electric agenda of the 1137th meeting, held 18 June 2026.", "FERC's own agenda entry lists the next action as undetermined, so no final rule stands in the docket.", "The statutory authorities listed include 42 U.S.C. 7173, section 403 of the Department of Energy Organization Act, not the Federal Power Act.", "K&L Gates reports that the proposed reforms would reach new standalone loads greater than 20 MW and loads greater than 20 MW sharing a point of interconnection with generation." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Large load threshold in the proposed reforms, as reported by counsel", "value": 20, "unit": "MW", "as_of": "2025-10-30", "source": 2 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator planning a campus on the interstate system should read the docket rather than the headlines: the rules that would standardise queue position, study timelines and shared points of interconnection are still being written, and FERC has not committed to a date. A utility should expect its interconnection procedures for loads above the threshold to be compared against a federal template. A community should note that the proceeding is about speed and order of connection, not about who pays, which is settled state by state.", "sources": [ { "name": "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Agenda, Federal Register", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/08/14/2026-16616/regulatory-agenda", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-08-14" }, { "name": "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Sunshine Act Meeting Notice, Federal Register", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/06/16/2026-12079/sunshine-act-meeting-notice", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-06-16" }, { "name": "K&L Gates, DOE Directs FERC to Take Action on Large Load Interconnection", "url": "https://www.klgates.com/DOE-Directs-FERC-to-Take-Action-on-Large-Load-Interconnection-10-30-2025", "type": "secondary", "date": "2025-10-30" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0002", "AIA-2026-0032", "AIA-2026-0034" ], "tags": [ "interconnection", "ferc", "large load", "grid", "data centers" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0002", "slug": "executive-order-14318-federal-permitting", "title": "Executive Order 14318 puts qualifying data center projects on a federal fast track", "kind": "siting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "Executive Order 14318, signed 23 July 2025, directs federal agencies to speed permitting for data centers and the power and component projects that serve them. A qualifying project is one with at least 500 million dollars of committed capital expenditure or an incremental electric load addition greater than 100 MW, or one designated for national security.", "key_facts": [ "The order names two quantitative routes into qualifying status: committed capital expenditure of at least 500 million dollars, or an incremental electric load addition greater than 100 MW.", "It directs agencies to establish categorical exclusions covering actions related to qualifying projects that normally do not have a significant effect on the human environment.", "It reaches data center projects and covered component projects, which include energy infrastructure and semiconductor and networking equipment.", "The order was published in the Federal Register on 28 July 2025 at 90 FR 35385." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Capital expenditure that makes a project qualifying under EO 14318", "value": 500000000, "unit": "US dollars", "as_of": "2025-07-23", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Incremental electric load addition that makes a project qualifying under EO 14318", "value": 100, "unit": "MW", "as_of": "2025-07-23", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator above either threshold can ask for federal permitting treatment that a smaller project cannot, which changes the calculus on project size and on siting near federal land. A utility serving such a project should expect the federal review to move faster than its own interconnection study. A community should understand that a categorical exclusion removes the full environmental review for the covered action, so the questions that matter locally, water draw and local air quality, move to state and county permits.", "sources": [ { "name": "The White House, Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure", "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/accelerating-federal-permitting-of-data-center-infrastructure/", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-07-23" }, { "name": "Executive Order 14318, Federal Register volume 90 number 142, GovInfo", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-07-28/pdf/2025-14212.pdf", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-07-28" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0001", "AIA-2026-0007" ], "tags": [ "permitting", "executive order", "siting", "nepa", "data centers" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0003", "slug": "eia-steo-record-us-electricity-demand", "title": "The EIA forecasts record US electricity consumption in 2026 and 2027", "kind": "figure", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "The Short Term Energy Outlook released on 9 September 2026 forecasts United States electricity consumption of 4,135 billion kilowatthours in 2026 and 4,211 billion kilowatthours in 2027, and attributes the growth to data center development and increased manufacturing in the commercial and industrial sectors.", "key_facts": [ "The outlook states that the United States uses record amounts of electricity in the forecast.", "The forecast growth is attributed to data center development and increased manufacturing activity in the commercial and industrial sectors.", "The West South Central region accounts for the largest share of total electricity sales growth in the forecast.", "These are the EIA's own forecast figures, not measured consumption for a completed year." ], "figures": [ { "label": "EIA forecast of US electricity consumption in 2026, published September 2026", "value": 4135, "unit": "billion kilowatthours", "as_of": "2026-09-09", "source": 0 }, { "label": "EIA forecast of US electricity consumption in 2027, published September 2026", "value": 4211, "unit": "billion kilowatthours", "as_of": "2026-09-09", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator hearing that the grid is full should know which number the argument rests on and that it is a forecast from a federal statistical agency, revised every month. A utility can cite the same source in a rate case without borrowing a vendor's projection. A community weighing a proposal should ask where in the load forecast this particular campus sits, because a national total says nothing about the feeder that will serve it.", "sources": [ { "name": "US Energy Information Administration, Short Term Energy Outlook", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-09-09" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0004", "AIA-2026-0030" ], "tags": [ "electricity demand", "forecast", "eia", "figures", "data centers" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0004", "slug": "lbnl-2024-us-data-center-energy-usage-report", "title": "The measured US figure of record: 176 TWh, 4.4 percent of national electricity in 2023", "kind": "figure", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "The 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, prepared at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and released by the Department of Energy on 20 December 2024, put data center electricity use at 176 TWh in 2023, about 4.4 percent of total United States electricity, and projected a range of 325 to 580 TWh by 2028.", "key_facts": [ "Data centers consumed about 4.4 percent of total US electricity in 2023, on the report's own accounting.", "The measured figure for 2023 is 176 TWh.", "The report's projection for 2028 is a range of 325 to 580 TWh, which it frames as approximately 6.7 to 12 percent of total US electricity.", "The 2028 numbers are the report's projection, not a measurement." ], "figures": [ { "label": "US data center electricity use in 2023", "value": 176, "unit": "TWh", "as_of": "2023-12-31", "source": 0 }, { "label": "US data center share of total electricity in 2023", "value": 4.4, "unit": "percent", "as_of": "2023-12-31", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Report projection for 2028, low end of the published range", "value": 325, "unit": "TWh", "as_of": "2024-12-20", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Report projection for 2028, high end of the published range", "value": 580, "unit": "TWh", "as_of": "2024-12-20", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator quoting a national share in a planning hearing should quote this one and say which year it measures. A utility should note that the range for 2028 is wide enough to carry two different capital plans, so a single point estimate taken from it is an argument, not a fact. A community should ask whether a local claim about percentage of grid load came from this report or from a vendor's own extrapolation.", "sources": [ { "name": "US Department of Energy, DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers", "type": "primary", "date": "2024-12-20" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0003", "AIA-2026-0030" ], "tags": [ "figures", "electricity", "lbnl", "measurement", "data centers" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0005", "slug": "data-center-water-and-energy-transparency-act-senate", "title": "A Senate bill would make data centers above 25 MW report energy and water use", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "S. 4213, the Data Center Water and Energy Transparency Act of 2026, introduced 25 March 2026 by Senator Durbin, would require operators of data centers with peak demand of at least 25 megawatts to file annual reports with their state, or with the EPA and the Secretaries of Energy and Agriculture where a state has no programme.", "key_facts": [ "The reporting duty attaches to each data center with a peak demand of not less than 25 megawatts.", "Reports would cover total energy use for each month of the preceding calendar year, total water use and the source of that water for each month, and annual average power usage effectiveness and water usage effectiveness.", "If a data center relies on behind the meter power generation, the report must describe the method used to generate that power.", "Operators would also report projected energy and water use for at least the following five calendar years, with proposals for reducing both.", "Reports go to the state where a state programme exists, and otherwise to the EPA Administrator and the Secretaries of Energy and Agriculture jointly.", "A report must be made available to an affected unit of local government on request.", "The bill was read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources; it is a bill, not a law." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Peak demand at which the bill's reporting duty attaches", "value": 25, "unit": "MW", "as_of": "2026-03-25", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator should note the metric definitions the bill borrows: power usage effectiveness from ISO/IEC 30134-2 and water usage effectiveness from ISO/IEC 30134-9, which means the reported number has to be computed the way the standard says. A utility is not the filer here; the operator is. A community gets a right to ask its local government for the report, which is the first federal text that would place site level water figures in local hands.", "sources": [ { "name": "S. 4213, Data Center Water and Energy Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s4213is/html/BILLS-119s4213is.htm", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-03-25" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0006", "AIA-2026-0009", "AIA-2026-0033" ], "tags": [ "reporting", "water", "congress", "transparency", "pue" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0006", "slug": "data-center-water-and-energy-transparency-act-house", "title": "The House companion to the data center water and energy reporting bill", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "H.R. 9825, introduced 22 July 2026 by Representative Underwood and referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, carries the same long title as the Senate bill: to require data center operators to report data center energy and water use to states or to the EPA Administrator and the Secretaries of Energy and Agriculture.", "key_facts": [ "H.R. 9825 was introduced in the House on 22 July 2026 and referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce.", "Its long title matches S. 4213: reports to states or to the EPA Administrator and the Secretaries of Energy and Agriculture on data center energy and water use.", "Two chambers carrying the same text is a signal of intent, not of enactment; neither bill is law." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator tracking federal exposure should watch both chambers rather than one, because a companion bill changes the odds of a text surviving into a larger package. A utility should read the pair as a sign that site level water reporting is being treated as a federal question. A community following a state bill can point to the federal text its own legislature is copying.", "sources": [ { "name": "H.R. 9825, Data Center Water and Energy Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr9825ih/html/BILLS-119hr9825ih.htm", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-07-22" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0005" ], "tags": [ "reporting", "water", "congress", "transparency" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0007", "slug": "ai-data-center-site-selection-transparency-act", "title": "A House bill would force disclosure before an AI data center site is fixed", "kind": "siting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "H.R. 8488, introduced 23 April 2026, would require a developer of an AI focused data center to disclose the location, the estimated resources needed and the estimated environmental impact to local elected officials and the public at least 180 days before taking a definitive step, and would limit non disclosure agreements.", "key_facts": [ "Disclosure would be due not later than 180 days before the developer takes a definitive step to establish the data center.", "The disclosure must name the location and the estimated resources needed and environmental impact of the facility.", "The developer would have to engage local media, post on social media, send direct mail in the affected area, post physical signage at the site and provide materials in multiple languages.", "The bill would bar use of a non disclosure agreement with respect to a government entity or public resources.", "An environmental impact analysis would have to be conducted by an independent third party and funded by the developer.", "Violations would be treated as unfair or deceptive acts under the Federal Trade Commission Act and enforced by the Commission." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Notice period before a definitive step, as the bill would require", "value": 180, "unit": "days", "as_of": "2026-04-23", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator used to assembling a site quietly should note that the bill attacks the quiet part directly, and that the penalty route runs through the FTC rather than an energy regulator. A utility that has signed a confidentiality agreement covering public resources would find it unenforceable. A community would get six months of notice and a third party impact analysis paid for by the developer, which is the single change most local objections have asked for.", "sources": [ { "name": "H.R. 8488, AI Data Center Site Selection Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr8488ih/html/BILLS-119hr8488ih.htm", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-04-23" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0002", "AIA-2026-0011" ], "tags": [ "siting", "disclosure", "congress", "nda", "community" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0008", "slug": "epa-declines-nationwide-data-center-standards", "title": "The EPA says it will not set nationwide environmental requirements for data centers", "kind": "water", "verdict": "reported", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "The National Ground Water Association reported on 16 June 2026 that EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin, speaking at an energy summit on 10 June 2026, said the agency will not establish nationwide environmental requirements for the data center industry, leaving water use, cooling design and air quality to states and communities.", "key_facts": [ "The reported position leaves water use, cooling system design and air quality decisions to individual states and communities.", "The stated reason is that states and local governments are better suited to set standards given differences in water availability, energy infrastructure and air quality across regions.", "This record is reported and not verified: no EPA document setting out the decision was reached at the agency's own site.", "A decision not to regulate is not a rule, and it can be revisited by the same agency without a rulemaking." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator planning across several states should expect the rules that bind it to be written in state capitals, not in Washington, and to differ. A utility should not wait for a federal cooling or water standard before drafting tariff conditions. A community should understand that the absence of a federal floor is the reason a county ordinance is the binding instrument in many places.", "sources": [ { "name": "National Ground Water Association, EPA announces it will not set nationwide standards for data centers", "url": "https://www.ngwa.org/detail/news/2026/06/16/epa-announces-it-won't-set-nationwide-standards-for-data-centers", "type": "secondary", "date": "2026-06-16" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0009", "AIA-2026-0010" ], "tags": [ "water", "epa", "federalism", "cooling" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0009", "slug": "no-federal-data-center-water-disclosure-rule", "title": "No federal rule requires a United States data center to disclose its water use", "kind": "water", "verdict": "absent", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "As of this build no federal regulation requires a data center in the United States to report or publish how much water it draws or from what source. Two bills would create such a duty and neither has been enacted, and the EPA is reported to have declined to set nationwide requirements.", "search": "Searched the Federal Register full text API for data center water rules and for large load interconnection dockets on 15 September 2026, searched congress.gov and GovInfo for enacted legislation on data center water reporting, and read the introduced texts of S. 4213 and H.R. 9825, which exist precisely because no such duty exists today. No federal rule, standard or reporting form was found. The EPA position reported in June 2026 was that no nationwide environmental requirements would be set.", "key_facts": [ "The only federal instruments found are bills: S. 4213 introduced 25 March 2026 and H.R. 9825 introduced 22 July 2026.", "Both bills would create the reporting duty, which is evidence that the duty does not exist today.", "The absence is of a disclosure duty. Water withdrawals can still be permitted under state law and under federal permits that apply to any industrial user.", "This record is a written search, not an argument from silence, and it is re-run each month." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator can answer a community question truthfully by saying that no federal form exists, and then choose whether to publish anyway. A utility asked for a site's draw should check its state's own reporting regime, because that is where any duty lives. A community should stop waiting for a federal filing to appear and should look at state water permits and at the state tracker instead: see /tools/us-ai-energy-policy for the state by state energy record.", "sources": [ { "name": "S. 4213, Data Center Water and Energy Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s4213is/html/BILLS-119s4213is.htm", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-03-25" }, { "name": "National Ground Water Association, EPA announces it will not set nationwide standards for data centers", "url": "https://www.ngwa.org/detail/news/2026/06/16/epa-announces-it-won't-set-nationwide-standards-for-data-centers", "type": "secondary", "date": "2026-06-16" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0005", "AIA-2026-0008", "AIA-2026-0033" ], "tags": [ "water", "absent", "disclosure", "federal" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0010", "slug": "state-data-center-water-legislation-2026", "title": "State legislatures, not Washington, are writing the data center water rules", "kind": "water", "verdict": "reported", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "A MultiState survey published 3 March 2026 lists state bills that would put data center water use on the record: monthly energy and water reports in California, quarterly water reports in Iowa, annual commission reports in Michigan, closed loop cooling mandates in South Carolina and Kansas, reclaimed water conditions in Virginia and a ban on secrecy agreements in Georgia.", "key_facts": [ "California AB 1577 would require monthly reports to the State Energy Commission on energy and water consumption.", "Iowa HF 2447 would require quarterly water usage reports to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources.", "Michigan SB 762 would place annual reporting of each data center's total water use on the Public Service Commission.", "South Carolina HB 4583 and Kansas SB 400 would require closed loop cooling with zero net water withdrawal and net zero wastewater discharge.", "Virginia SB 417 would condition grant funding eligibility on using treated wastewater in cooling systems.", "This record is reported: the individual bill texts were not fetched at their legislatures for this build.", "The energy side of state action is tracked separately in the site's own US AI Energy Policy Tracker." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator with a multi state pipeline should treat cooling design as a legal question, because two of these bills would make closed loop cooling the only lawful design. A utility should expect to be named as the reporter in some states and not in others. A community should check which of these instruments its own legislature has in front of it, and read the state energy record at /tools/us-ai-energy-policy alongside it.", "sources": [ { "name": "MultiState, State Data Center Water Usage Legislation Gains Momentum", "url": "https://www.multistate.us/insider/2026/3/3/state-data-center-water-usage-legislation-gains-momentum", "type": "secondary", "date": "2026-03-03" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0009", "AIA-2026-0011", "AIA-2026-0033" ], "tags": [ "water", "states", "cooling", "reporting" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0011", "slug": "georgia-sb-421-data-center-transparency", "title": "Georgia SB 421 would stop local governments hiding data center water and power figures", "kind": "water", "verdict": "reported", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "Georgia Senate Bill 421, the Data Center Transparency Act, would bar local governments from entering non disclosure agreements that stop a utility disclosing a data center's energy and water usage. It was introduced in the 2026 session and remains in committee, so nothing in it binds anyone yet.", "key_facts": [ "The bill targets the agreement, not the facility: it would prohibit local governments from signing away the public's access to usage figures.", "It covers both water and electricity usage information held by utilities.", "It was introduced in the 2026 session of the Georgia General Assembly and was still in committee when last reported.", "This record is reported: the bill page at the Georgia General Assembly could not be read by this build, so no primary source is listed." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator negotiating a local incentive package in Georgia should assume that a confidentiality clause covering usage data may become unenforceable. A utility that has treated a customer's consumption as commercially confidential should watch the bill, because it would move that judgment out of its hands. A community that has filed an open records request and received redacted water figures is the reason this bill exists.", "sources": [ { "name": "MultiState, State Data Center Water Usage Legislation Gains Momentum", "url": "https://www.multistate.us/insider/2026/3/3/state-data-center-water-usage-legislation-gains-momentum", "type": "secondary", "date": "2026-03-03" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0010", "AIA-2026-0007" ], "tags": [ "water", "georgia", "transparency", "nda" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0012", "slug": "eu-energy-efficiency-directive-article-12", "title": "EU law: data centres above 500 kW must publish their performance", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "EU", "answer": "Article 12 of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EU) 2023/1791 requires Member States, from 15 May 2024 and every year after, to make owners and operators of data centres with installed IT power of at least 500 kW publish the information in Annex VII, and requires the Commission to run a European database of what they report.", "key_facts": [ "The duty attaches at an installed information technology power demand of at least 500 kW.", "Information protected by Union or national law on trade and business secrets is carved out of publication.", "Data centres used exclusively for defence and civil protection are outside Article 12.", "The Commission must establish a European database on data centres, publicly available at an aggregated level.", "Member States must encourage operators at or above 1 MW to follow the European Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency.", "Article 12(5) required the Commission to assess the submitted data by 15 May 2025 and report to the Parliament and Council, with legislative proposals where appropriate, including minimum performance standards." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Installed IT power at which the Article 12 duty attaches", "value": 500, "unit": "kW", "as_of": "2023-09-13", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Installed IT power above which Member States must encourage the Code of Conduct", "value": 1, "unit": "MW", "as_of": "2023-09-13", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator with a European site above 500 kW is already a reporting entity and does not get to choose. A utility should note that the duty sits on the data centre operator, not on the network, so the numbers it wants may be obtainable from the operator's own filing. A community in an EU Member State should know that aggregated national figures are meant to be public, while the individual site's numbers are not.", "sources": [ { "name": "Directive (EU) 2023/1791 on energy efficiency, Article 12, EUR-Lex", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023L1791", "type": "primary", "date": "2023-09-20" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0013", "AIA-2026-0014", "AIA-2026-0015" ], "tags": [ "reporting", "eu", "energy efficiency", "database" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0013", "slug": "eu-delegated-regulation-2024-1364-reporting-scheme", "title": "The EU data centre reporting scheme: what must be filed, and by when", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "EU", "answer": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 of 14 March 2024 sets the first phase of a common Union rating scheme. Operators of data centres with installed IT power of at least 500 kW had to file to the European database by 15 September 2024, then by 15 May 2025 and every year after, covering the preceding calendar year.", "key_facts": [ "The first filing date was 15 September 2024, and the annual date is 15 May thereafter.", "Each filing covers the calendar year immediately preceding the reporting year.", "The key performance indicators measure energy consumption, power utilisation, temperature set points, waste heat utilisation, water usage and use of renewable energy.", "The reporting entity is the data centre operator, and a separate filing is due for every data centre at a different physical location.", "Within a campus, the operator of each data centre files separately for that data centre.", "For the first reporting period an operator that cannot gather certain indicators for technical reasons may omit them and explain why.", "The regulation was published in the Official Journal on 17 May 2024 under ELI reg_del/2024/1364." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Installed IT power at which the reporting scheme applies", "value": 500, "unit": "kW", "as_of": "2024-03-14", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator now has a defined water figure to produce for Europe, which is more than most United States sites publish anywhere. A utility can use the same indicator vocabulary when it asks a customer for data. A community should know that water usage is inside the European scheme, so the question of whether a site's draw is measurable has already been answered in the affirmative for every EU data centre above the threshold.", "sources": [ { "name": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364, EUR-Lex", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1364", "type": "primary", "date": "2024-05-17" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0012", "AIA-2026-0014", "AIA-2026-0016" ], "tags": [ "reporting", "eu", "water", "kpi", "rating scheme" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0014", "slug": "eu-database-site-level-figures-confidential", "title": "Europe collects site level data centre figures and keeps them confidential", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "EU", "answer": "Article 5 of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 makes the European database public only in aggregated form at Member State and Union level. The Commission and the Member States must keep the figures for individual data centres confidential, treating them as commercial information under the access to documents and environmental information rules.", "key_facts": [ "The database publishes information, indicators and sustainability indicators in an aggregated manner at Member State and Union level.", "The Commission and Member States concerned must keep confidential all information and key performance indicators for individual data centres.", "The confidentiality rests on Article 4(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 and Article 4(2)(d) of Directive 2003/4/EC.", "Member States have access to all figures reported by data centres in their own territory.", "Aggregated data collected under the regulation can be reused for European statistics." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator filing in Europe should not expect its individual water and energy numbers to appear in public, which is a real difference from the United States bills that would route reports to local governments. A utility cannot obtain a competitor's site figures from the database. A community wanting a specific site's draw will not find it there and must use national or local instruments instead.", "sources": [ { "name": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364, Article 5, EUR-Lex", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1364", "type": "primary", "date": "2024-05-17" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0013", "AIA-2026-0033" ], "tags": [ "reporting", "eu", "confidentiality", "database" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0015", "slug": "eu-minimum-performance-standards-study", "title": "The Commission is preparing minimum performance standards for EU data centres", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "EU", "answer": "The Commission's Directorate General for Energy has commissioned a preparatory study to support minimum performance standards for data centres in Europe, aligned with the existing EU reporting requirements. The study began at the end of January 2026, runs for about 24 months, and builds on the first two reporting cycles under the Energy Efficiency Directive scheme.", "key_facts": [ "The study supports the development of minimum performance standards for data centres in Europe, aligned with existing EU reporting requirements.", "It started at the end of January 2026 and runs for a period of approximately 24 months.", "It builds on the first two reporting cycles under the EED reporting scheme, on previous studies, stakeholder consultations and related datasets.", "A preparatory study is not a legal instrument and imposes no duty on any operator.", "The page carries no printed publication date, so this record uses the date it was read." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator should read this as the pipeline that turns today's reporting into tomorrow's thresholds, and should ensure the figures it files now are the ones it would want a standard calibrated against. A utility should expect European efficiency floors to be argued from reported data rather than from vendor claims. A community can see that the European route runs measure first and regulate second.", "sources": [ { "name": "European Commission, Minimum performance standards for EU data centres, preparatory study", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/resources/preparatory-studies/minimum-performance-standards-eu-data-centres_en", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-09-15" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0012", "AIA-2026-0013", "AIA-2026-0016" ], "tags": [ "eu", "standards", "efficiency", "study" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0016", "slug": "eu-water-resilience-strategy-data-centres", "title": "The EU Water Resilience Strategy names data centres and promises water standards", "kind": "water", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "EU", "answer": "The European Water Resilience Strategy, COM(2025) 280 of 4 June 2025, sets an EU aim to enhance water efficiency by at least 10 percent by 2030 and says the Commission will rate data centres for energy efficiency and overall sustainability and propose minimum performance standards, including for water consumption.", "key_facts": [ "The strategy states that the EU should aim to enhance water efficiency by at least 10 percent by 2030.", "It names data centres alongside battery production, semiconductors, hydrogen and microchips as key sectors that consume large volumes of often ultra pure water.", "To promote water savings across data centres, the Commission says it will rate their energy efficiency and overall sustainability and propose minimum performance standards including for water consumption.", "It records that only 2.4 percent of wastewater is reused in the EU, with Member State figures ranging from zero to 80 percent.", "The Commission intends to develop common benchmarks in the review of the strategy in 2027.", "A Communication is a policy document, not a binding rule." ], "figures": [ { "label": "EU water efficiency aim stated in the strategy, for 2030", "value": 10, "unit": "percent improvement", "as_of": "2025-06-04", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Share of EU wastewater reused, as printed in the strategy", "value": 2.4, "unit": "percent", "as_of": "2025-06-04", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator in Europe should expect its water number to become a rated number, not merely a reported one. A utility supplying an EU site should watch the same instrument, because a water performance standard changes what a connection can be conditioned on. A community in a water stressed EU region now has a Commission document that names data centres as a water intensive sector, which is a citable fact in a local objection.", "sources": [ { "name": "European Water Resilience Strategy, COM(2025) 280 final, EUR-Lex", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52025DC0280", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-06-04" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0013", "AIA-2026-0015", "AIA-2026-0033" ], "tags": [ "water", "eu", "strategy", "efficiency" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0017", "slug": "eu-cloud-and-ai-development-act-proposal", "title": "The Cloud and AI Development Act proposal ties European compute capacity to energy efficiency", "kind": "siting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "EU", "answer": "The European Commission adopted its proposal for a Cloud and AI Development Act on 3 June 2026 as COM(2026) 502. The Commission's own description says the Act will reinforce energy efficient data centre capacity, while complementing the Apply AI strategy to boost adoption of artificial intelligence and cloud across Europe.", "key_facts": [ "The Commission adopted the proposal on 3 June 2026 and it carries the reference COM(2026) 502.", "The Commission describes the Act as reinforcing energy efficient data centre capacity in the EU.", "It is a proposal, so it must pass the Parliament and the Council before any duty attaches.", "The same instrument appears in the site's US AI Energy Policy Tracker as the single European comparison row." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator considering European capacity should follow this file rather than the AI Act for questions about where capacity may be built and on what energy terms. A utility should read it as the instrument most likely to shape connection conditions for European AI capacity. A community should note that it is still a proposal and that the negotiating text will change.", "sources": [ { "name": "European Commission, Proposal for the Cloud and AI Development Act", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-cloud-and-ai-development-act-cada", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-06-03" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0018", "AIA-2026-0015" ], "tags": [ "eu", "siting", "cloud", "capacity" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0018", "slug": "eurohpc-ai-factories-figures", "title": "Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas", "kind": "figure", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "EU", "answer": "The Commission's AI factories page records 19 AI factories established and 13 AI factory antennas selected, and states that Commission, Member State and Associated Country investments in supercomputing infrastructures and AI factories will reach 10 billion euros through the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking over 2021 to 2027.", "key_facts": [ "Nineteen AI factories have been established and thirteen AI factory antennas selected.", "Seven initial consortia were selected in December 2024, six more AI factories were announced in March 2025, and six further factories and thirteen antennas were launched in October 2025.", "The investment figure of 10 billion euros covers supercomputing infrastructures and AI factories through the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking across 2021 to 2027.", "The page was last updated on 12 August 2026.", "These are counts and a funding total, not capacity figures; the page states no megawatt total." ], "figures": [ { "label": "AI factories established, as counted by the Commission", "value": 19, "unit": "AI factories", "as_of": "2026-08-12", "source": 0 }, { "label": "AI factory antennas selected, as counted by the Commission", "value": 13, "unit": "antennas", "as_of": "2026-08-12", "source": 0 }, { "label": "EuroHPC investment in supercomputing and AI factories across 2021 to 2027", "value": 10000000000, "unit": "euros", "as_of": "2026-08-12", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator competing with public compute should know how much of it exists and who funds it. A utility hosting one of these sites is serving a publicly funded load with published governance, which is easier to plan around than a confidential hyperscale campus. A community near an AI factory can find the site named on a Commission page rather than behind a non disclosure agreement.", "sources": [ { "name": "European Commission, AI Factories", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-factories", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-08-12" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0017" ], "tags": [ "eu", "figures", "compute", "eurohpc", "funding" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0019", "slug": "ireland-cru-large-energy-user-connection-policy", "title": "Ireland made grid access conditional: the CRU large energy user connection policy", "kind": "grid", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "IE", "answer": "On 12 December 2025 the Commission for Regulation of Utilities published its decision on a new electricity connection policy for data centres. New data centres must provide generation or storage matching their requested import capacity, must meet at least 80 percent of annual demand with additional Irish renewable projects, and connection now turns on whether the location is constrained.", "key_facts": [ "New data centres connecting to the network must provide generation or storage capacity, onsite or local, to match the requested maximum import demand capacity.", "Data centres must meet at least 80 percent of annual demand with additional renewable electricity projects generating in the Republic of Ireland, with a six year development timeline permitted.", "System operators must consider whether a requested connection is in a constrained or unconstrained location, replacing a regional test with a location specific one.", "System operators were directed to publish an engagement and connection process for applicants by 31 March 2026.", "The decision carries the reference CRU2025236 and was published on 12 December 2025." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Share of annual demand to be met with additional Irish renewable projects", "value": 80, "unit": "percent", "as_of": "2025-12-12", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator seeking an Irish connection is now buying generation as well as capacity, and the answer depends on where the site sits on the network rather than on which region it is in. A utility elsewhere should read this as the most explicit example of conditioning connection on the customer bringing its own supply. A community in a constrained area has a regulator's test it can point to when a proposal arrives.", "sources": [ { "name": "Commission for Regulation of Utilities, decision on new electricity connection policy for data centres", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-12-12" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0020", "AIA-2026-0034" ], "tags": [ "grid", "ireland", "connection", "renewables" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0020", "slug": "ireland-cso-data-centre-electricity-share", "title": "Irish data centres took 23 percent of metered electricity in 2025", "kind": "figure", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "IE", "answer": "The Central Statistics Office release of 7 July 2026 reports that data centres used 23 percent of Ireland's total metered electricity consumption in 2025, up from 5 percent in 2015, and that their consumption rose from 6,973 gigawatt hours in 2024 to 7,663 gigawatt hours in 2025, a rise of 10 percent.", "key_facts": [ "The data centre share of total metered electricity consumption rose to 23 percent in 2025 from 5 percent in 2015.", "Metered consumption by data centres was 6,973 GWh in 2024 and 7,663 GWh in 2025.", "Consumption by all other users, residential and other business customers, rose by 2 percent over the same period.", "This is a national statistics office measurement, not an estimate by an industry body." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Data centre share of Irish metered electricity consumption in 2025", "value": 23, "unit": "percent", "as_of": "2025-12-31", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Irish data centre metered electricity consumption in 2025", "value": 7663, "unit": "GWh", "as_of": "2025-12-31", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Irish data centre metered electricity consumption in 2024", "value": 6973, "unit": "GWh", "as_of": "2024-12-31", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator arguing that data centre load is a small share of any national grid should know that one European country has already passed a quarter. A utility can see what a decade of unconditioned connection produces on a small system. A community anywhere can ask its own statistics office for the same measurement, because Ireland shows that it can be produced from metering data.", "sources": [ { "name": "Central Statistics Office Ireland, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025, Key Findings", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-07-07" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0019", "AIA-2026-0030" ], "tags": [ "figures", "ireland", "electricity", "measurement" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0021", "slug": "netherlands-hyperscale-limits-and-local-caps", "title": "The Netherlands capped hyperscale data centres by hectares and megawatts", "kind": "siting", "verdict": "reported", "jurisdiction": "NL", "answer": "A Dutch national interim decision of February 2022 defined a hyperscale data centre as one exceeding 10 hectares with electrical power of 70 megawatts or more and suspended new establishment nationwide outside two named municipalities. Amsterdam and Haarlemmermeer had already capped local growth in megavolt amperes to 2030.", "key_facts": [ "The national definition reported is a facility exceeding 10 hectares with electrical power of 70 megawatts or more.", "The interim decision adopted on 16 February 2022 blocked new hyperscale establishment nationwide except in the municipalities of Hollands Kroon and Het Hogeland, and ran for nine months while permanent rules were drafted.", "Amsterdam's policy allowed a maximum increase of 670 MVA to 2030 and Haarlemmermeer allowed 550 MVA over the same horizon.", "This record is reported: the Dutch government instrument itself was not reachable for this build, so no primary source is listed.", "Local caps are expressed in megavolt amperes, an apparent power unit, and are not converted here." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Site area in the reported Dutch hyperscale definition", "value": 10, "unit": "hectares", "as_of": "2022-02-16", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Electrical power in the reported Dutch hyperscale definition", "value": 70, "unit": "MW", "as_of": "2022-02-16", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Amsterdam local growth allowance to 2030, as reported", "value": 670, "unit": "MVA", "as_of": "2022-04-28", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Haarlemmermeer local growth allowance to 2030, as reported", "value": 550, "unit": "MVA", "as_of": "2022-04-28", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator should note that the Dutch instrument is a planning rule with numeric triggers, so the size of the building and the size of the connection both decide whether a project is lawful. A utility should expect the cap to be expressed in apparent power at the local level. A community should see that the earliest European limits on data centre growth came from spatial planning, not from energy regulators.", "sources": [ { "name": "DLA Piper, Data centers in the Netherlands, a shifting landscape", "url": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en-hu/insights/publications/real-estate-gazette/real-estate-gazette-data-centers/data-centers-in-the-netherlands-a-shifting-landscape", "type": "secondary", "date": "2022-04-28" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0022", "AIA-2026-0017" ], "tags": [ "siting", "netherlands", "planning", "hyperscale" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0022", "slug": "germany-enefg-data-centre-duties", "title": "Germany wrote data centre efficiency into statute: PUE, renewables and waste heat", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "DE", "answer": "Section 11 of the German Energy Efficiency Act sets binding numbers for data centres: an efficiency ratio of 1.5 or below from 1 July 2027 and 1.3 or below from 1 July 2030 for existing sites, 1.2 or below for new sites within two years of commissioning, renewable electricity coverage of 50 percent and then 100 percent, and waste heat reuse shares.", "key_facts": [ "Data centres in operation before 1 July 2026 must reach a power usage effectiveness of 1.5 or below from 1 July 2027 and 1.3 or below from 1 July 2030.", "Data centres starting operation from 1 July 2026 must reach 1.2 or below within two years of commissioning.", "Operators must cover electricity consumption on a net basis with 50 percent renewable electricity from 1 January 2024 and 100 percent from 1 January 2027.", "Waste heat reuse shares of at least 10, 15 and 20 percent attach to sites starting operation from 1 July 2026, 2027 and 2028 respectively.", "These are statutory duties in national law, not targets in a strategy document.", "The consolidated law page carries no printed publication date, so this record uses the date it was read." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Power usage effectiveness ceiling for existing German data centres from 1 July 2027", "value": 1.5, "unit": "PUE ratio", "as_of": "2026-09-15", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Power usage effectiveness ceiling for existing German data centres from 1 July 2030", "value": 1.3, "unit": "PUE ratio", "as_of": "2026-09-15", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Power usage effectiveness ceiling for German data centres commissioned from 1 July 2026", "value": 1.2, "unit": "PUE ratio", "as_of": "2026-09-15", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator in Germany faces a design constraint, not a disclosure duty: a site that cannot hit the ratio is out of compliance regardless of what it reports. A utility should expect waste heat offtake conversations to be driven by statute. A community near a German site can ask what share of its waste heat is reused and point to the section that fixes the minimum.", "sources": [ { "name": "Energieeffizienzgesetz section 11, klimaneutrale Rechenzentren, gesetze-im-internet.de", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-09-15" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0012", "AIA-2026-0031" ], "tags": [ "germany", "efficiency", "pue", "waste heat", "renewables" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0023", "slug": "uk-ai-growth-zones", "title": "The UK created AI Growth Zones to move data centres through planning", "kind": "siting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "UK", "answer": "The AI Opportunities Action Plan, published 13 January 2025, recommends AI Growth Zones with a streamlined planning approvals process and accelerated provisioning of clean power, asks government to nominate at least one zone quickly, and names Culham Science Centre as a candidate pilot with access to significant power and land.", "key_facts": [ "The plan recommends that AI Growth Zones introduce a streamlined planning approvals process and accelerate the provisioning of clean power.", "It asks government to nominate at least one zone quickly and to work with local regions to secure buy in for further zones.", "Culham Science Centre, headquarters of the UK Atomic Energy Authority, is named as a pilot candidate with access to significant power and land.", "The plan also recommends expanding the AI Research Resource by at least twenty times by 2030.", "An action plan is a set of recommendations to government, not a statutory instrument." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator looking at the United Kingdom should ask whether a site sits inside a designated zone, because that is what changes the planning and connection timetable. A utility should expect zone designation to concentrate load requests geographically. A community inside a candidate zone should know that the planning route is designed to be faster, and should engage early rather than at the application.", "sources": [ { "name": "UK Government, AI Opportunities Action Plan", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan/ai-opportunities-action-plan", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-01-13" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0024", "AIA-2026-0025" ], "tags": [ "uk", "siting", "planning", "growth zones" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0024", "slug": "uk-data-centres-critical-national-infrastructure", "title": "UK data centres became Critical National Infrastructure in September 2024", "kind": "siting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "UK", "answer": "On 12 September 2024 the United Kingdom government designated data centres as Critical National Infrastructure alongside energy and water systems. The designation lets government support the sector during critical incidents, covering cyber attacks, environmental disasters and IT outages, and was the first such designation in almost a decade.", "key_facts": [ "The announcement states that data centres powering the economy will be designated as Critical National Infrastructure alongside energy and water systems.", "The designation enables government support during critical incidents, including cyber attacks, environmental disasters and IT outages.", "It was announced on 12 September 2024 by the Technology Secretary.", "Designation is about resilience and incident response; it is not a permitting or connection rule." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator gains a route into government incident response and, with it, expectations about resilience reporting. A utility should note that a designated customer sits in the same category as the services it already treats as critical. A community should understand what the label does and does not do: it does not change planning, water or connection rules, and it is not an efficiency commitment.", "sources": [ { "name": "UK Government, Data centres to be given massive boost and protections", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/data-centres-to-be-given-massive-boost-and-protections-from-cyber-criminals-and-it-blackouts", "type": "primary", "date": "2024-09-12" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0023" ], "tags": [ "uk", "resilience", "cni", "designation" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0025", "slug": "uk-connections-reform-gate-two", "title": "Britain reordered its grid queue: Gate 1 and Gate 2 connection offers", "kind": "grid", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "UK", "answer": "Ofgem approved connections reform in April 2025, replacing a first come first served queue. A Gate 2 offer, for projects judged ready and needed, carries a confirmed connection date, connection point and queue position; other projects receive an indicative Gate 1 offer and wait until they can show readiness.", "key_facts": [ "Ofgem approved the connections reform proposals in April 2025.", "A Gate 2 offer gives a confirmed connection date, connection point and queue position.", "A Gate 1 offer is indicative and does not fix a date.", "The reform replaces a queue ordered by application date with one ordered by readiness and need.", "Ofgem's blog setting this out is dated 8 December 2025." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator with a large load in Britain should understand that a place in the queue is now earned by evidence of readiness, land and financing, so speculative applications no longer hold the ground. A utility gains a defensible basis for ordering requests. A community should know that a project with a confirmed date has already been judged needed by the system operator, which changes what a local objection can usefully argue.", "sources": [ { "name": "Ofgem, Moving to a reformed grid", "url": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/blog/moving-reformed-grid", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-12-08" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0023", "AIA-2026-0032" ], "tags": [ "uk", "grid", "queue", "connections", "ofgem" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0026", "slug": "singapore-green-data-centre-roadmap", "title": "Singapore allocates data centre capacity, and the allocation is the rule", "kind": "grid", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "SG", "answer": "The Infocomm Media Development Authority launched its Green Data Centre Roadmap on 30 May 2024, offering at least 300 megawatts of additional capacity in the near term with more through green energy deployments, and committing to enhanced standards and certifications for data centres at a power usage effectiveness of 1.3 or lower.", "key_facts": [ "The roadmap aims to provide at least 300 MW of additional capacity in the near term, with much more through green energy deployments.", "Singapore already hosts more than 1.4 gigawatts of data centre capacity across more than 70 cloud, enterprise and colocation facilities.", "IMDA will co develop enhanced standards and certifications to support data centres at a power usage effectiveness of 1.3 or lower.", "Recognised green energy sources are bioenergy, vertical building integrated and building applied photovoltaics, fuel cells with carbon capture, and low carbon hydrogen and ammonia.", "The Tropical Data Centre methodology claims potential savings of 2 to 5 percent of energy for every one degree Celsius increase in operating temperature." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Additional data centre capacity offered in the near term under the roadmap", "value": 300, "unit": "MW", "as_of": "2024-05-30", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Existing Singapore data centre capacity stated in the factsheet", "value": 1.4, "unit": "GW", "as_of": "2024-05-30", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Power usage effectiveness target for supported data centres", "value": 1.3, "unit": "PUE ratio", "as_of": "2024-05-30", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator in Singapore does not apply for a connection so much as compete for an allocation, and efficiency is the entry criterion. A utility elsewhere can see a worked example of rationing capacity by performance rather than by queue position. A community should note that a capacity cap makes the trade off explicit in public, which is rare.", "sources": [ { "name": "IMDA factsheet, Charting green growth pathways at scale for data centres in Singapore", "url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/38/c49f426a-8053-4c7f-bbaa-8437b743a18f/files-Speeches%202024-1__Factsheet_IMDA_Green_DC_Roadmap.pdf", "type": "primary", "date": "2024-05-30" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0027", "AIA-2026-0031" ], "tags": [ "singapore", "capacity", "pue", "allocation", "grid" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0027", "slug": "china-green-low-carbon-data-centre-plan", "title": "China set a national data centre efficiency target and a renewables ramp", "kind": "reporting", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "CN", "answer": "A special action plan jointly issued in July 2024 by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and two central bureaus set an average power usage effectiveness for data centres of below 1.5 by 2025 and an increase in the renewable energy utilisation rate of 10 percent a year.", "key_facts": [ "The plan sets an average power usage effectiveness for data centres of less than 1.5 by 2025.", "It aims to increase the utilisation rate of renewable energy in data centres by 10 percent annually.", "It was issued jointly by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and two central bureaus.", "The figures come from the Chinese government's own English language service, published 24 July 2024.", "Reported claims of a tighter target of 1.25 for large data centres were not reachable at a Chinese government primary and are not printed here as verified." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Average data centre power usage effectiveness target for 2025", "value": 1.5, "unit": "PUE ratio", "as_of": "2024-07-24", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Annual increase in renewable energy utilisation rate set by the plan", "value": 10, "unit": "percent per year", "as_of": "2024-07-24", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator comparing efficiency regimes should note that China set a national average rather than a per site ceiling, which is a different instrument from the German statute. A utility should read the renewables ramp as the binding half of the plan. A community outside China still has a use for this row: it is the benchmark other governments cite when they argue their own targets are modest.", "sources": [ { "name": "The State Council of the People's Republic of China, China sets green targets for data centers", "url": "https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202407/24/content_WS66a0b167c6d0868f4e8e96ba.html", "type": "primary", "date": "2024-07-24" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0028", "AIA-2026-0031" ], "tags": [ "china", "pue", "renewables", "efficiency", "targets" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0028", "slug": "china-east-data-west-computing", "title": "East Data West Computing moves Chinese compute to where the power is", "kind": "siting", "verdict": "reported", "jurisdiction": "CN", "answer": "Carbon Brief reports that China's East Data West Computing project, launched in 2022, processes data produced in the more populous eastern provinces in the west of the country, encouraging new data centres in western regions with renewable energy facilities while time sensitive services stay in the east.", "key_facts": [ "The project launched in 2022 and routes data produced in eastern provinces to facilities in western China.", "It encourages new data centres in western regions where renewable energy facilities exist.", "Time sensitive services are allowed to remain in the east, so the split is by latency tolerance.", "This record is reported: the Chinese planning documents themselves were not reached for this build, so no primary source is listed.", "No hub or cluster counts are printed here because the source consulted carries none." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator should see a state directing siting by workload type rather than by price, which is the sharpest contrast with the United States model. A utility should note that latency tolerance, not efficiency, is the sorting rule. A community in a region proposed as a compute destination can ask which workloads are actually coming and whether they are the ones that can wait.", "sources": [ { "name": "Carbon Brief, Explainer, how China is managing the rising energy demand from data centres", "url": "https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-china-is-managing-the-rising-energy-demand-from-data-centres/", "type": "secondary", "date": "2025-04-16" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0027", "AIA-2026-0035" ], "tags": [ "china", "siting", "compute", "latency" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0029", "slug": "malaysia-johor-data-centre-water-conditions", "title": "Malaysia is conditioning data centre approvals on water, and pushing reclaimed supply", "kind": "water", "verdict": "reported", "jurisdiction": "MY", "answer": "Bernama reports that the national water regulator SPAN published guidelines in September 2025 telling data centres to use alternative water sources, prioritising reclaimed water for cooling or air cooled systems with zero discharge, and that new data centres will be approved only where energy and water supplies are sufficient, with domestic consumers first.", "key_facts": [ "SPAN published guidelines in September 2025 prioritising reclaimed water for cooling, or air cooled systems with zero discharge.", "The government position reported is that new data centres will be approved only if energy and water supplies are sufficient, with domestic consumers the first priority.", "Each data facility can use up to two million litres of water a day for cooling, on the figures reported.", "Two Johor facilities draw from the national wastewater company rather than from potable supply, and one treatment plant processes five million litres daily.", "This record is reported: the SPAN guidelines were not reachable at the regulator for this build, so no primary source is listed." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Reported daily cooling water use per data facility in Johor", "value": 2000000, "unit": "litres per day", "as_of": "2026-08-04", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Reported daily throughput of one Johor reclaimed water treatment plant", "value": 5000000, "unit": "litres per day", "as_of": "2026-08-04", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator in Johor should assume that the water plan is part of the approval, not a later engineering detail, and that reclaimed water is the expected default. A utility should note that the regulator is steering demand off potable supply rather than capping it. A community should read the priority rule literally: domestic supply ranks first, which is a statement a regulator can be held to.", "sources": [ { "name": "Bernama, Allaying Johor data centre water fears", "url": "https://bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2584831", "type": "secondary", "date": "2026-08-04" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0016", "AIA-2026-0033" ], "tags": [ "malaysia", "water", "cooling", "reclaimed water" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0030", "slug": "iea-energy-and-ai-data-centre-electricity", "title": "The global figure of record: 415 TWh of data centre electricity in 2024", "kind": "figure", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "GLOBAL", "answer": "The International Energy Agency report Energy and AI, published 10 April 2025, states that data centres accounted for around 1.5 percent of the world's electricity consumption in 2024, or 415 terawatt hours, and that data centre electricity consumption is set to more than double to around 945 terawatt hours by 2030.", "key_facts": [ "Data centres accounted for around 1.5 percent of world electricity consumption in 2024, or 415 TWh.", "The agency's base case has data centre electricity consumption more than doubling to around 945 TWh by 2030.", "The 945 TWh number is the agency's own projection published in April 2025, not a measurement.", "The 2024 figure is global and covers all data centres, not AI workloads alone." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Global data centre electricity consumption in 2024", "value": 415, "unit": "TWh", "as_of": "2024-12-31", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Global data centre share of world electricity consumption in 2024", "value": 1.5, "unit": "percent", "as_of": "2024-12-31", "source": 0 }, { "label": "IEA base case projection for 2030, published April 2025", "value": 945, "unit": "TWh", "as_of": "2025-04-10", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator answering the question of how much of the world's power AI uses should quote this figure and the year, and should say plainly that the larger number is a projection. A utility can anchor a load forecast argument in a source no party can call partisan. A community should check whether a local claim used the 2024 measurement or the 2030 projection, because they are six years and one assumption apart.", "sources": [ { "name": "International Energy Agency, Energy and AI, executive summary", "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-04-10" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0003", "AIA-2026-0004", "AIA-2026-0020" ], "tags": [ "figures", "global", "iea", "electricity", "projection" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0031", "slug": "uptime-institute-pue-1-54", "title": "Measured efficiency has not moved: a weighted average PUE of 1.54", "kind": "figure", "verdict": "verified", "jurisdiction": "GLOBAL", "answer": "The Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025 reports that respondents' annual power usage effectiveness had a weighted average of 1.54, the sixth consecutive year the headline figure has virtually stood still. The survey ran online from April to May 2025 and drew more than 800 owners and operators.", "key_facts": [ "The weighted average annual PUE reported by respondents in 2025 was 1.54.", "The PUE question was answered by 681 respondents.", "The survey was conducted online from April 2025 to May 2025 and collected responses from more than 800 data center owners and operators.", "The report attributes the lack of movement to legacy infrastructure and region specific barriers to efficient cooling.", "More than a quarter of respondents, 27.5 percent, work in facilities that are 16 years or older." ], "figures": [ { "label": "Weighted average annual power usage effectiveness reported in the 2025 survey", "value": 1.54, "unit": "PUE ratio", "as_of": "2025-07-30", "source": 0 }, { "label": "Respondents answering the annual PUE question", "value": 681, "unit": "respondents", "as_of": "2025-07-30", "source": 0 } ], "what_it_changes": "An operator claiming an industry wide efficiency improvement should reconcile it with a figure that has not moved in six years. A utility evaluating an efficiency commitment in a connection agreement now has a benchmark to test it against. A community told that new facilities are far more efficient than old ones should ask for the site's own number, because the fleet average includes a quarter of facilities over sixteen years old.", "sources": [ { "name": "Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025", "url": "https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2025.Annual.Survey.Report.pdf?version=0", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-07-30" }, { "name": "Uptime Institute press release on the 15th annual global data center survey", "url": "https://uptimeinstitute.com/about-ui/press-releases/uptimes-15th-annual-global-data-center-survey-results-shows-both-commitment-and-hesitancy", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-07-30" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0022", "AIA-2026-0026", "AIA-2026-0027" ], "tags": [ "figures", "pue", "global", "survey", "efficiency" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0032", "slug": "who-pays-for-stranded-grid-upgrades", "title": "Open question: who pays if a data center cancels after the grid was rebuilt for it", "kind": "question", "verdict": "open", "jurisdiction": "GLOBAL", "answer": "Transmission upgrades built for a single large load take years and outlive any one customer. No instrument in this atlas settles what happens when the load never arrives or leaves early. Britain orders its queue by readiness, Ireland demands matching generation, and United States bills propose cost allocation, but none answers the cancellation case directly.", "key_facts": [ "Britain's Gate 2 test asks whether a project is ready and needed before it holds a queue position, which reduces speculative requests but does not price a later cancellation.", "Ireland requires matching generation or storage, which shifts capital to the customer but does not address abandoned network build.", "United States proposals debate who pays for local transmission upgrades, and FERC's large load docket lists no final rule.", "The exposure falls on whoever signed the network build, which in most systems means the general body of ratepayers." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator should expect exit terms, security and take or pay conditions to become the negotiating ground rather than the connection date. A utility should read every fast track as a question about who carries the stranded asset. A community asking one question at a hearing should ask this one: if the campus is cancelled in year four, who pays for the line.", "sources": [ { "name": "Ofgem, Moving to a reformed grid", "url": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/blog/moving-reformed-grid", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-12-08" }, { "name": "Commission for Regulation of Utilities, decision on new electricity connection policy for data centres", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-12-12" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0001", "AIA-2026-0019", "AIA-2026-0025" ], "tags": [ "open question", "cost allocation", "grid", "ratepayers" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0033", "slug": "should-water-use-be-disclosed-per-site", "title": "Open question: should a data center's water use be public, site by site", "kind": "question", "verdict": "open", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "Europe collects site level water figures and keeps them confidential. United States bills would route them to states and to local governments on request. Malaysia steers supply without publishing draws. No jurisdiction in this atlas publishes a per site water figure as a matter of course, and nobody has argued the case in public.", "key_facts": [ "The EU scheme collects water usage as a key performance indicator and publishes only aggregated figures at Member State and Union level.", "S. 4213 would require monthly water use and source to go to a state, and to be made available to an affected unit of local government on request.", "Georgia SB 421 would attack the confidentiality agreement rather than create a reporting duty.", "The commercial confidentiality argument and the community interest argument have never been tested against each other in a published decision found by this build." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator choosing to publish a site figure voluntarily would be first, and would set the comparison everyone else is measured against. A utility holding consumption data should know whether its own state treats it as confidential before promising either way. A community should ask for the figure and record the refusal, because the refusals are what will decide this question.", "sources": [ { "name": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364, Article 5, EUR-Lex", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1364", "type": "primary", "date": "2024-05-17" }, { "name": "S. 4213, Data Center Water and Energy Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s4213is/html/BILLS-119s4213is.htm", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-03-25" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0005", "AIA-2026-0009", "AIA-2026-0014" ], "tags": [ "open question", "water", "disclosure", "confidentiality" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0034", "slug": "does-behind-the-meter-generation-escape-interconnection", "title": "Open question: does behind the meter generation escape interconnection rules", "kind": "question", "verdict": "open", "jurisdiction": "US", "answer": "A campus that builds its own generation and sits behind the meter can argue it is not asking the grid for anything. Regulators disagree about whether that is true when the site still relies on the network for backup, for exports, or for reliability. The federal rulemaking on large loads reaches shared points of interconnection but has produced no final rule.", "key_facts": [ "The DOE proposal to FERC reaches loads that share a point of interconnection with new or existing generation, which is the colocation case.", "FERC's own agenda lists the next action in the large load docket as undetermined.", "S. 4213 would require an operator relying on behind the meter generation to describe the method used to generate that power, which is a reporting answer rather than a jurisdictional one.", "Ireland resolved a version of this by requiring matching generation as a condition of connection rather than as an alternative to it." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator planning onsite generation should not assume it removes the regulator from the conversation. A utility should decide now how it treats a behind the meter site that still wants firm backup, because the tariff question arrives before the federal answer does. A community should ask whether a self supplied campus still leans on the shared network on the worst day of the year.", "sources": [ { "name": "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Agenda, Federal Register", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/08/14/2026-16616/regulatory-agenda", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-08-14" }, { "name": "S. 4213, Data Center Water and Energy Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo", "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119s4213is/html/BILLS-119s4213is.htm", "type": "primary", "date": "2026-03-25" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0001", "AIA-2026-0019" ], "tags": [ "open question", "colocation", "behind the meter", "interconnection" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] }, { "id": "AIA-2026-0035", "slug": "is-ai-training-load-interruptible", "title": "Open question: is AI training load interruptible, and who gets to say so", "kind": "question", "verdict": "open", "jurisdiction": "GLOBAL", "answer": "Training runs can pause where inference cannot, which would make a large share of AI load flexible and change what the grid must build. No regulator in this atlas has defined an interruptible class for AI workloads or priced one, and no operator has published a commitment that a system operator could rely on.", "key_facts": [ "China's East Data West Computing sorts workloads by latency tolerance, which is the closest thing in this atlas to a flexibility rule, and it is a siting policy rather than a dispatch right.", "Britain's readiness test and Ireland's generation condition both treat large load as firm demand.", "No instrument found by this build defines an interruptible tariff class specific to AI training.", "Flexibility claimed in a press release is not flexibility a system operator can dispatch." ], "what_it_changes": "An operator that can genuinely curtail training has an asset it is currently giving away, and a tariff that recognised it would change project economics. A utility should ask for the curtailment commitment in writing, with notice periods and a penalty, before counting on it in a plan. A community told a campus will be a good grid citizen should ask what it is contractually obliged to do when the system is short.", "sources": [ { "name": "Carbon Brief, Explainer, how China is managing the rising energy demand from data centres", "url": "https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-china-is-managing-the-rising-energy-demand-from-data-centres/", "type": "secondary", "date": "2025-04-16" }, { "name": "International Energy Agency, Energy and AI, executive summary", "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "type": "primary", "date": "2025-04-10" } ], "related_ids": [ "AIA-2026-0028", "AIA-2026-0030", "AIA-2026-0032" ], "tags": [ "open question", "flexibility", "demand response", "training" ], "date_added": "2026-09-15", "last_verified": "2026-09-15", "last_modified": "2026-09-15", "figures": [], "facets": [] } ] }