Free public instrument from GAGE
The AI Infrastructure Atlas
As of September 2026 this ledger holds 35 records across 10 jurisdictions: 24 verified at a primary source, 6 reported by a secondary source, 0 announced with no document yet, 1 searched and absent, and 4 open questions. By kind: grid and large load rules 4, water rules 6, reporting and efficiency duties 8, siting, permitting and tax 7, figure of record 6, open question 4.
- 35
- Records
- 24
- Verified at the source
- 1
- Announced or absent
- 4
- Open questions
10 jurisdictions, 35 primary sources
6 more reported, primary not reached
0 announced with no document, 1 searched and absent
Posed, sourced, not answered
As of 15 September 2026 the GAGE AI Infrastructure Atlas records 24 verified instruments, 6 reported at a secondary source, 0 announcements without a document, 1 absences and 4 open questions, across 10 jurisdictions. Counts are a floor, not a ceiling: an instrument the ledger has not found is not on it.
Why this ledger exists
AI infrastructure is becoming political infrastructure
Electricity, grid connections, water, land and who pays for the upgrades are now AI policy questions, decided by utility commissions, grid operators, water authorities and finance ministries rather than by AI regulators. The documents are scattered across dockets, delegated regulations and national strategies, and most summaries of them quote each other.
This atlas keeps the record of who decides, what must be reported, and the figures that were actually measured, each one at its publisher with its date. The US state by state energy record already lives on the AI Energy Policy Tracker; this atlas carries what it does not, and points at it where a state matters.
Every row is fetched at its source where the source could be reached, and says so where it could not. The verdict language is the discipline: a reader learns five words once and never has to guess what a row claims.
Verified
The document exists. The ledger fetched it at its publisher and quotes it.
Reported, primary not reached
A reliable secondary source carries it, and the primary document could not be reached. Printed with this label, never as verified.
Announced, no document yet
A body has said it will act. No document exists yet, so the row records the statement and nothing more.
Absent
The ledger searched and found no instrument. The record says where it looked and when.
Open question
No settled answer exists. The ledger poses the question, links the live debate, and does not answer it.
Side by side
Every jurisdiction, counted by verdict and by kind
United States
13 records
- Verified
- 7
- Reported
- 3
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 1
- Open question
- 2
1 grid and large load rules, 4 water rules, 2 reporting and efficiency duties, 2 siting, permitting and tax, 2 figure of record, 2 open question.
European Union
7 records
- Verified
- 7
- Reported
- 0
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 water rules, 4 reporting and efficiency duties, 1 siting, permitting and tax, 1 figure of record.
Ireland
2 records
- Verified
- 2
- Reported
- 0
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 grid and large load rules, 1 figure of record.
Netherlands
1 record
- Verified
- 0
- Reported
- 1
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 siting, permitting and tax.
Germany
1 record
- Verified
- 1
- Reported
- 0
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 reporting and efficiency duties.
United Kingdom
3 records
- Verified
- 3
- Reported
- 0
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 grid and large load rules, 2 siting, permitting and tax.
Singapore
1 record
- Verified
- 1
- Reported
- 0
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 grid and large load rules.
China
2 records
- Verified
- 1
- Reported
- 1
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 reporting and efficiency duties, 1 siting, permitting and tax.
Malaysia
1 record
- Verified
- 0
- Reported
- 1
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 0
1 water rules.
Global
4 records
- Verified
- 2
- Reported
- 0
- Announced
- 0
- Absent
- 0
- Open question
- 2
2 figure of record, 2 open question.
Figures of record
Every number on this ledger, with who measured it and when
42 figures, each one printed in the unit its publisher used, beside the publisher and the date it was true. Nothing here is summed across sources, converted between units, or forecast.
- 1.2 PUE ratio
Power usage effectiveness ceiling for German data centres commissioned from 1 July 2026. Germany wrote data centre efficiency into statute: PUE, renewables and waste heat
Energieeffizienzgesetz section 11, klimaneutrale Rechenzentren, gesetze-im-internet.de, primary source, as of .
- 1.3 PUE ratio
Power usage effectiveness ceiling for existing German data centres from 1 July 2030. Germany wrote data centre efficiency into statute: PUE, renewables and waste heat
Energieeffizienzgesetz section 11, klimaneutrale Rechenzentren, gesetze-im-internet.de, primary source, as of .
- 1.5 PUE ratio
Power usage effectiveness ceiling for existing German data centres from 1 July 2027. Germany wrote data centre efficiency into statute: PUE, renewables and waste heat
Energieeffizienzgesetz section 11, klimaneutrale Rechenzentren, gesetze-im-internet.de, primary source, as of .
- 4,211 billion kilowatthours
EIA forecast of US electricity consumption in 2027, published September 2026. The EIA forecasts record US electricity consumption in 2026 and 2027
US Energy Information Administration, Short Term Energy Outlook, primary source, as of .
- 4,135 billion kilowatthours
EIA forecast of US electricity consumption in 2026, published September 2026. The EIA forecasts record US electricity consumption in 2026 and 2027
US Energy Information Administration, Short Term Energy Outlook, primary source, as of .
- 10,000,000,000 euros
EuroHPC investment in supercomputing and AI factories across 2021 to 2027. Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas
European Commission, AI Factories, primary source, as of .
- 13 antennas
AI factory antennas selected, as counted by the Commission. Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas
European Commission, AI Factories, primary source, as of .
- 19 AI factories
AI factories established, as counted by the Commission. Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas
European Commission, AI Factories, primary source, as of .
- 5,000,000 litres per day
Reported daily throughput of one Johor reclaimed water treatment plant. Malaysia is conditioning data centre approvals on water, and pushing reclaimed supply
Bernama, Allaying Johor data centre water fears, secondary source, as of .
- 2,000,000 litres per day
Reported daily cooling water use per data facility in Johor. Malaysia is conditioning data centre approvals on water, and pushing reclaimed supply
Bernama, Allaying Johor data centre water fears, secondary source, as of .
- 180 days
Notice period before a definitive step, as the bill would require. A House bill would force disclosure before an AI data center site is fixed
H.R. 8488, AI Data Center Site Selection Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo, primary source, as of .
- 25 MW
Peak demand at which the bill's reporting duty attaches. A Senate bill would make data centers above 25 MW report energy and water use
S. 4213, Data Center Water and Energy Transparency Act of 2026, GovInfo, primary source, as of .
- 7,663 GWh
Irish data centre metered electricity consumption in 2025. Irish data centres took 23 percent of metered electricity in 2025
Central Statistics Office Ireland, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025, Key Findings, primary source, as of .
- 23 percent
Data centre share of Irish metered electricity consumption in 2025. Irish data centres took 23 percent of metered electricity in 2025
Central Statistics Office Ireland, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025, Key Findings, primary source, as of .
- 80 percent
Share of annual demand to be met with additional Irish renewable projects. Ireland made grid access conditional: the CRU large energy user connection policy
Commission for Regulation of Utilities, decision on new electricity connection policy for data centres, primary source, as of .
- 20 MW
Large load threshold in the proposed reforms, as reported by counsel. The Energy Secretary told FERC to write interconnection rules for large loads
K&L Gates, DOE Directs FERC to Take Action on Large Load Interconnection, secondary source, as of .
- 681 respondents
Respondents answering the annual PUE question. Measured efficiency has not moved: a weighted average PUE of 1.54
Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025, primary source, as of .
- 1.54 PUE ratio
Weighted average annual power usage effectiveness reported in the 2025 survey. Measured efficiency has not moved: a weighted average PUE of 1.54
Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025, primary source, as of .
- 100 MW
Incremental electric load addition that makes a project qualifying under EO 14318. Executive Order 14318 puts qualifying data center projects on a federal fast track
The White House, Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure, primary source, as of .
- 500,000,000 US dollars
Capital expenditure that makes a project qualifying under EO 14318. Executive Order 14318 puts qualifying data center projects on a federal fast track
The White House, Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure, primary source, as of .
- 2.4 percent
Share of EU wastewater reused, as printed in the strategy. The EU Water Resilience Strategy names data centres and promises water standards
European Water Resilience Strategy, COM(2025) 280 final, EUR-Lex, primary source, as of .
- 10 percent improvement
EU water efficiency aim stated in the strategy, for 2030. The EU Water Resilience Strategy names data centres and promises water standards
European Water Resilience Strategy, COM(2025) 280 final, EUR-Lex, primary source, as of .
- 945 TWh
IEA base case projection for 2030, published April 2025. The global figure of record: 415 TWh of data centre electricity in 2024
International Energy Agency, Energy and AI, executive summary, primary source, as of .
- 6,973 GWh
Irish data centre metered electricity consumption in 2024. Irish data centres took 23 percent of metered electricity in 2025
Central Statistics Office Ireland, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025, Key Findings, primary source, as of .
- 1.5 percent
Global data centre share of world electricity consumption in 2024. The global figure of record: 415 TWh of data centre electricity in 2024
International Energy Agency, Energy and AI, executive summary, primary source, as of .
- 415 TWh
Global data centre electricity consumption in 2024. The global figure of record: 415 TWh of data centre electricity in 2024
International Energy Agency, Energy and AI, executive summary, primary source, as of .
- 580 TWh
Report projection for 2028, high end of the published range. The measured US figure of record: 176 TWh, 4.4 percent of national electricity in 2023
US Department of Energy, DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers, primary source, as of .
- 325 TWh
Report projection for 2028, low end of the published range. The measured US figure of record: 176 TWh, 4.4 percent of national electricity in 2023
US Department of Energy, DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers, primary source, as of .
- 10 percent per year
Annual increase in renewable energy utilisation rate set by the plan. China set a national data centre efficiency target and a renewables ramp
The State Council of the People's Republic of China, China sets green targets for data centers, primary source, as of .
- 1.5 PUE ratio
Average data centre power usage effectiveness target for 2025. China set a national data centre efficiency target and a renewables ramp
The State Council of the People's Republic of China, China sets green targets for data centers, primary source, as of .
- 1.3 PUE ratio
Power usage effectiveness target for supported data centres. Singapore allocates data centre capacity, and the allocation is the rule
IMDA factsheet, Charting green growth pathways at scale for data centres in Singapore, primary source, as of .
- 1.4 GW
Existing Singapore data centre capacity stated in the factsheet. Singapore allocates data centre capacity, and the allocation is the rule
IMDA factsheet, Charting green growth pathways at scale for data centres in Singapore, primary source, as of .
- 300 MW
Additional data centre capacity offered in the near term under the roadmap. Singapore allocates data centre capacity, and the allocation is the rule
IMDA factsheet, Charting green growth pathways at scale for data centres in Singapore, primary source, as of .
- 500 kW
Installed IT power at which the reporting scheme applies. The EU data centre reporting scheme: what must be filed, and by when
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364, EUR-Lex, primary source, as of .
- 4.4 percent
US data center share of total electricity in 2023. The measured US figure of record: 176 TWh, 4.4 percent of national electricity in 2023
US Department of Energy, DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers, primary source, as of .
- 176 TWh
US data center electricity use in 2023. The measured US figure of record: 176 TWh, 4.4 percent of national electricity in 2023
US Department of Energy, DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers, primary source, as of .
- 1 MW
Installed IT power above which Member States must encourage the Code of Conduct. EU law: data centres above 500 kW must publish their performance
Directive (EU) 2023/1791 on energy efficiency, Article 12, EUR-Lex, primary source, as of .
- 500 kW
Installed IT power at which the Article 12 duty attaches. EU law: data centres above 500 kW must publish their performance
Directive (EU) 2023/1791 on energy efficiency, Article 12, EUR-Lex, primary source, as of .
- 550 MVA
Haarlemmermeer local growth allowance to 2030, as reported. The Netherlands capped hyperscale data centres by hectares and megawatts
DLA Piper, Data centers in the Netherlands, a shifting landscape, secondary source, as of .
- 670 MVA
Amsterdam local growth allowance to 2030, as reported. The Netherlands capped hyperscale data centres by hectares and megawatts
DLA Piper, Data centers in the Netherlands, a shifting landscape, secondary source, as of .
- 70 MW
Electrical power in the reported Dutch hyperscale definition. The Netherlands capped hyperscale data centres by hectares and megawatts
DLA Piper, Data centers in the Netherlands, a shifting landscape, secondary source, as of .
- 10 hectares
Site area in the reported Dutch hyperscale definition. The Netherlands capped hyperscale data centres by hectares and megawatts
DLA Piper, Data centers in the Netherlands, a shifting landscape, secondary source, as of .
The ledger
Every record, newest first
35 records. Each row opens a page carrying the answer, the verdict and what it means, the key facts, the figures with their sources, what it changes for an operator, a utility or a community, and the sources it was verified against.
Answers
What people ask the AI Infrastructure Atlas
How much electricity do data centers use?
The atlas prints only figures a publisher measured or projected under its own name: Measured efficiency has not moved: a weighted average PUE of 1.54; The global figure of record: 415 TWh of data centre electricity in 2024; Irish data centres took 23 percent of metered electricity in 2025; Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas; and more. Each figure carries its publisher, its unit and its date on the figures of record list, and none is summed with another as of September 2026.
Who decides whether a data center can connect to the grid?
4 grid records: Singapore allocates data centre capacity, and the allocation is the rule (Singapore, verified); Britain reordered its grid queue: Gate 1 and Gate 2 connection offers (United Kingdom, verified); Ireland made grid access conditional: the CRU large energy user connection policy (Ireland, verified); The Energy Secretary told FERC to write interconnection rules for large loads (United States, verified).
Are data centers required to disclose water use?
6 water records on the atlas: Malaysia is conditioning data centre approvals on water, and pushing reclaimed supply (Malaysia, reported, primary not reached); The EU Water Resilience Strategy names data centres and promises water standards (European Union, verified); Georgia SB 421 would stop local governments hiding data center water and power figures (United States, reported, primary not reached); State legislatures, not Washington, are writing the data center water rules (United States, reported, primary not reached); No federal rule requires a United States data center to disclose its water use (United States, absent); The EPA says it will not set nationwide environmental requirements for data centers (United States, reported, primary not reached). An absent record means the atlas searched and found no rule, and says where it looked.
What must a data center in the European Union report?
Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas; The Cloud and AI Development Act proposal ties European compute capacity to energy efficiency; The EU Water Resilience Strategy names data centres and promises water standards; The Commission is preparing minimum performance standards for EU data centres; Europe collects site level data centre figures and keeps them confidential; The EU data centre reporting scheme: what must be filed, and by when; EU law: data centres above 500 kW must publish their performance. The record pages quote the provision, the deadline it fixes and the body that receives the report.
Who decides whether a data center connects, and on what terms?
4 records of kind grid and large load rules are on the AI Infrastructure Atlas as of September 2026: Singapore allocates data centre capacity, and the allocation is the rule; Britain reordered its grid queue: Gate 1 and Gate 2 connection offers; Ireland made grid access conditional: the CRU large energy user connection policy; The Energy Secretary told FERC to write interconnection rules for large loads. Each has its own page with the verdict, the facts, the sources it was checked against and the date.
Who decides what a data center may draw and must disclose?
6 records of kind water rules are on the AI Infrastructure Atlas as of September 2026: Malaysia is conditioning data centre approvals on water, and pushing reclaimed supply; The EU Water Resilience Strategy names data centres and promises water standards; Georgia SB 421 would stop local governments hiding data center water and power figures; State legislatures, not Washington, are writing the data center water rules; No federal rule requires a United States data center to disclose its water use; The EPA says it will not set nationwide environmental requirements for data centers. Each has its own page with the verdict, the facts, the sources it was checked against and the date.
What must a data center report, and to whom?
8 records of kind reporting and efficiency duties are on the AI Infrastructure Atlas as of September 2026: China set a national data centre efficiency target and a renewables ramp; Germany wrote data centre efficiency into statute: PUE, renewables and waste heat; The Commission is preparing minimum performance standards for EU data centres; Europe collects site level data centre figures and keeps them confidential; The EU data centre reporting scheme: what must be filed, and by when; EU law: data centres above 500 kW must publish their performance; and 2 more. Each has its own page with the verdict, the facts, the sources it was checked against and the date.
Who decides where it may be built, and what it pays?
7 records of kind siting, permitting and tax are on the AI Infrastructure Atlas as of September 2026: East Data West Computing moves Chinese compute to where the power is; UK data centres became Critical National Infrastructure in September 2024; The UK created AI Growth Zones to move data centres through planning; The Netherlands capped hyperscale data centres by hectares and megawatts; The Cloud and AI Development Act proposal ties European compute capacity to energy efficiency; A House bill would force disclosure before an AI data center site is fixed; and 1 more. Each has its own page with the verdict, the facts, the sources it was checked against and the date.
What has actually been measured?
6 records of kind figure of record are on the AI Infrastructure Atlas as of September 2026: Measured efficiency has not moved: a weighted average PUE of 1.54; The global figure of record: 415 TWh of data centre electricity in 2024; Irish data centres took 23 percent of metered electricity in 2025; Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas; The measured US figure of record: 176 TWh, 4.4 percent of national electricity in 2023; The EIA forecasts record US electricity consumption in 2026 and 2027. Each has its own page with the verdict, the facts, the sources it was checked against and the date.
What has nobody settled?
4 records of kind open question are on the AI Infrastructure Atlas as of September 2026: Open question: is AI training load interruptible, and who gets to say so; Open question: does behind the meter generation escape interconnection rules; Open question: should a data center's water use be public, site by site; Open question: who pays if a data center cancels after the grid was rebuilt for it. Each has its own page with the verdict, the facts, the sources it was checked against and the date.
What do the verdicts mean?
Verified: the document exists and the ledger fetched it at its publisher. Reported: a reliable secondary source carries it and the primary could not be reached. Announced: a body said it will act and no document exists. Absent: the ledger searched and found nothing, and the search is written into the record. Open: a question nobody has settled, posed and not answered.
How current is the AI Infrastructure Atlas?
Every record carries the date it was last verified; the ledger as a whole was last verified 15 September 2026 and holds 35 records with 35 primary sources. A change moves the record's own date and appears on the changelog, so a reader who cited a row can see whether it moved.
Every surface
Cut the ledger the way you need it
By jurisdiction
- United States13
- European Union7
- Ireland2
- Netherlands1
- Germany1
- United Kingdom3
- Singapore1
- China2
- Malaysia1
- Global4
By kind
- Grid and large load rules4
- Water rules6
- Reporting and efficiency duties8
- Siting, permitting and tax7
- Figure of record6
- Open question4
Every record page
- AIA-2026-0035: Open question: is AI training load interruptible, and who gets to say so
- AIA-2026-0034: Open question: does behind the meter generation escape interconnection rules
- AIA-2026-0033: Open question: should a data center's water use be public, site by site
- AIA-2026-0032: Open question: who pays if a data center cancels after the grid was rebuilt for it
- AIA-2026-0031: Measured efficiency has not moved: a weighted average PUE of 1.54
- AIA-2026-0030: The global figure of record: 415 TWh of data centre electricity in 2024
- AIA-2026-0029: Malaysia is conditioning data centre approvals on water, and pushing reclaimed supply
- AIA-2026-0028: East Data West Computing moves Chinese compute to where the power is
- AIA-2026-0027: China set a national data centre efficiency target and a renewables ramp
- AIA-2026-0026: Singapore allocates data centre capacity, and the allocation is the rule
- AIA-2026-0025: Britain reordered its grid queue: Gate 1 and Gate 2 connection offers
- AIA-2026-0024: UK data centres became Critical National Infrastructure in September 2024
- AIA-2026-0023: The UK created AI Growth Zones to move data centres through planning
- AIA-2026-0022: Germany wrote data centre efficiency into statute: PUE, renewables and waste heat
- AIA-2026-0021: The Netherlands capped hyperscale data centres by hectares and megawatts
- AIA-2026-0020: Irish data centres took 23 percent of metered electricity in 2025
- AIA-2026-0019: Ireland made grid access conditional: the CRU large energy user connection policy
- AIA-2026-0018: Europe's public compute build: 19 AI factories and 13 antennas
- AIA-2026-0017: The Cloud and AI Development Act proposal ties European compute capacity to energy efficiency
- AIA-2026-0016: The EU Water Resilience Strategy names data centres and promises water standards
- AIA-2026-0015: The Commission is preparing minimum performance standards for EU data centres
- AIA-2026-0014: Europe collects site level data centre figures and keeps them confidential
- AIA-2026-0013: The EU data centre reporting scheme: what must be filed, and by when
- AIA-2026-0012: EU law: data centres above 500 kW must publish their performance
- AIA-2026-0011: Georgia SB 421 would stop local governments hiding data center water and power figures
- AIA-2026-0010: State legislatures, not Washington, are writing the data center water rules
- AIA-2026-0009: No federal rule requires a United States data center to disclose its water use
- AIA-2026-0008: The EPA says it will not set nationwide environmental requirements for data centers
- AIA-2026-0007: A House bill would force disclosure before an AI data center site is fixed
- AIA-2026-0006: The House companion to the data center water and energy reporting bill
- AIA-2026-0005: A Senate bill would make data centers above 25 MW report energy and water use
- AIA-2026-0004: The measured US figure of record: 176 TWh, 4.4 percent of national electricity in 2023
- AIA-2026-0003: The EIA forecasts record US electricity consumption in 2026 and 2027
- AIA-2026-0002: Executive Order 14318 puts qualifying data center projects on a federal fast track
- AIA-2026-0001: The Energy Secretary told FERC to write interconnection rules for large loads
Take the data
The whole dataset, free, in two formats
Licensed CC BY 4.0. Use it in an article, a paper, a slide or a product. The only condition is attribution, and the citation page gives you the line to paste.
- ledger.jsonEvery field of every record, the shape documented on the data page.
- ledger.csvOne row per record, figures and facets flattened, for a spreadsheet or a stats package.
How the ledger is built, what the verdicts mean, and what the gate refuses: the method page. Every change, dated: the changelog. The kinds on the shelf: grid and large load rules, water rules, reporting and efficiency duties, siting, permitting and tax, figure of record, open question. Something missing or wrong is a bug, and we want to hear about it. The United States state by state record is on the US AI Energy Policy Tracker. The other input the models compete for, recorded hours, is on the Embodied AI Data Ledger.
Cite this page
Free to reuse under CC BY 4.0, with attribution.
- In a sentence
- According to the GAGE AI Infrastructure Atlas (as of 15 September 2026), ai infrastructure atlas.
- APA
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Last updated . Every record re verified . The ledger is checked monthly, first Monday, and the same day for any regulator decision on large loads or water.
1.2 PUE ratio
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